Analyze the concept of logic in Indian philosophy

Abstract

This article examines logic in Indian philosophy by comparing Buddhist logic with that of the Ny?ya school, which differ in their foundational beliefs. Buddhism does not rely on the concept of sacred entities, while Ny?ya acknowledges their existence and external truths. Buddhist logic emphasizes inner wisdom gained through rational contemplation and meditative practice. Its key points include: (1) ultimate (paramattha) knowledge, (2) realization through direct experience, and (3) reasoning based on core Dhamma principles, such as the Four Noble Truths. In contrast, Ny?ya represents logical realism, holding that two independent truths exist: material and mental (abstract). Ny?ya also subscribes to atomic pluralism, asserting that the world is composed of four fundamental elements?earth, water, wind, and fire. In summary, Buddhist logic focuses on internal realization through practice, while Ny?ya logic emphasizes external analysis grounded in metaphysical dualism.